Intensive farming combines tightly controlled production systems with high stocking densities and optimised growth conditions. In animal agriculture, this typically involves indoor housing, automated feeding systems and genetically selected breeds. In crop farming, it often means monocultures, heavy fertiliser use and high machinery dependence. The main goal is efficiency, not ecological balance.

Intensive livestock production refers to a model in which animals are kept in concentrated indoor facilities where feeding, breeding and growth are optimised through technology and standardised routines. The goal is to produce as much meat, milk or eggs as possible using minimal time, labour and space. This approach differs from extensive or pasture-based farming, where animals roam freely and grow at a more natural pace.

Intensive animal farming becomes problematic when production is maximised at the expense of animal welfare, environmental health and long-term sustainability. Animals are typically kept in confined spaces with little natural stimulation, which increases stress, disease pressure and the need for antibiotics. At the same time, large volumes of manure, emissions (like methane and ammonia) and resource use place a heavy burden on surrounding ecosystems and the climate.

The effects of intensive farming are wide-ranging. While it increases productivity, it also produces large quantities of waste that can contaminate soil and water. High stocking densities elevate disease risks, which encourages routine antibiotic use. On a broader scale, intensive farming contributes to climate change through methane and nitrous oxide emissions, and reduces biodiversity by converting land into single-purpose agricultural zones.

Factory farming impacts the environment in several interconnected ways. Livestock emit methane, a potent greenhouse gas, while manure releases ammonia and nitrous oxide. Large, centralised facilities generate more waste than surrounding land can absorb, leading to water contamination. Producing feed for millions of animals requires vast amounts of land, fertiliser and water, which accelerates deforestation and degrades ecosystems. Combined, these pressures make factory farming a major driver of environmental decline.